§ Artículo 314 PC – Exhibición indecente – Código Penal de California

Peter is not guilty of indecent exposure because he did not willfully expose himself.

Genitals

The legal definition of “genitals” includes both male and female sex organs.⁸ It also includes the anus.⁹

Note that the genitals do not have to be completely exposed. Even if they are partially covered, you can still be convicted of indecent exposure if the exposure is lewd or offensive.¹⁰

Offended or annoyed

The prosecutor must prove that someone who saw your genitals would be offended or annoyed.

This means that if you expose yourself in front of someone who is not offended or annoyed, you are not guilty of indecent exposure.¹¹

However, the law does not require that someone actually saw your genitals. It is enough if you exposed yourself in a place where someone could have seen you.¹²

Intention

The prosecutor must also prove that you intended to direct public attention to your genitals for the purpose of either sexually gratifying yourself or someone else, or sexually offending someone else.¹³

This means that if you expose yourself for a different reason, such as for a medical exam or for a nude art project, you are not guilty of indecent exposure.¹⁴

2. Penalties

Indecent exposure is a misdemeanor in California law. The penalties for a first-time offense include:

• Up to 6 months in county jail, and/or
• A fine of up to $1,000.¹⁵

However, if you have a prior conviction for indecent exposure or for lewd acts with a minor (PC 288), you face harsher penalties. In this case, indecent exposure is a felony punishable by:

• 16 months, 2 years, or 3 years in California state prison, and/or
• A fine of up to $10,000.¹⁶

3. Best Defenses

There are several legal defenses that a skilled California criminal defense attorney can present on your behalf to get the charge of indecent exposure reduced or even dismissed. Some of these defenses include:

• What happened does not meet the definition of indecent exposure. As discussed above, the prosecutor must prove several key facts in order to convict you of indecent exposure. If your actions do not meet the legal definition of indecent exposure, you are not guilty of this crime.
• You were falsely accused. Sometimes people make false accusations of indecent exposure out of anger, jealousy, or revenge. If your attorney can show that the accusation against you is false, you should not be convicted of indecent exposure.
• You were the victim of mistaken identity. In some cases, the alleged victim may mistakenly identify you as the person who exposed himself/herself. This is especially common when the exposure happened in a crowded place or at night. If your attorney can show that you were not the person who committed the crime, you should not be convicted of indecent exposure.

4. Related Crimes

There are several crimes that are closely related to indecent exposure. Some of these include:

• Lewd acts with a minor (PC 288). This crime involves touching a child for sexual purposes or causing a child to touch him/herself or someone else for sexual purposes. It is a felony punishable by up to 8 years in state prison.
• Lewd conduct in public (PC 647(a)). This crime involves engaging in sexual activity in public or soliciting someone else to engage in sexual activity in public. It is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in county jail.
• Indecent exposure to a minor (PC 314.1). This crime involves exposing yourself to a minor who is under the age of 18. It is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in county jail.

Additional Resources

Our California sex crimes defense attorneys have local law offices in and around Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Jose, Oakland, the San Francisco Bay area, and several nearby cities.

For similar accusations in Nevada, please see our article on Nevada “Indecent Exposure” Laws (NRS 201.220).

Legal References:

1. California Penal Code 314 PC — Indecent exposure. (“(a) Every person who willfully and lewdly, either: 1. Exposes his person, or the private parts thereof, in any public place, or in any place where there are present other persons to be offended or annoyed thereby; or, 2. Procures, counsels, or assists any person so to expose himself or take part in any model artist exhibition, or to make any other exhibition of himself to public view, or the view of any number of persons, such as is offensive to decency, or is adapted to excite to vicious or lewd thoughts or acts, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Each offense is punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months, or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment. (b) (1) Every person who violates subdivision (a) after having entered, without consent, an inhabited dwelling house, or trailer coach as defined in Section 635 of the Vehicle Code, or the inhabited portion of any other building, is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison, or in the county jail not exceeding one year. (2) However, if the crime is committed in any of the following circumstances, the offense is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years: (A) If the act is done against the victim’s will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. (B) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. (C) If the act is done while the victim is at the ATM of a financial institution, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 332 of the Penal Code, and the perpetrator takes or attempts to take, in addition to any other property of the victim, either money or any other property in the immediate presence of the victim. (D) If the person does not consent and the act is accomplished by threatening to use force or violence against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. (E) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and the victim is an elder or dependent adult, as defined in Section 368. (F) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim is an elder or dependent adult. (G) If the act is done while the victim is at the ATM of a financial institution, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 332 of the Penal Code, and the perpetrator takes or attempts to take, in addition to any other property of the victim, either money or any other property in the immediate presence of the victim, and the victim is an elder or dependent adult. (H) If the person does not consent and the act is accomplished by threatening to use force or violence against the victim or any other person, and the victim is an elder or dependent adult. (I) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person. (J) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat, and the victim is a witness to a crime or a person who has reported a crime, and the sexual exposure is perpetrated for the purpose of preventing or dissuading the victim or witness from making any report of a crime. (K) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat, and the victim is a witness to a crime or a person who has reported a crime, and the sexual exposure is perpetrated for the purpose of retaliating against the victim or witness for making any report of a crime. (L) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat, and the victim is a witness to a crime or a person who has reported a crime, and the sexual exposure is perpetrated for the purpose of preventing or dissuading the victim or witness from testifying in any proceeding in any court. (M) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat, and the victim is a witness to a crime or a person who has reported a crime, and the sexual exposure is perpetrated for the purpose of retaliating against the victim or witness for testifying in any proceeding in any court. (N) If the act is accomplished against the victim’s will

   Sin embargo, Peter no cometió el delito de exposición indecente porque no expuso sus genitales voluntariamente.

   Exponerse o sus “partes privadas”

   Exponerse significa revelar su cuerpo desnudo. Exponer sus “partes privadas” significa revelar sus genitales al descubierto. No comete exposición indecente si

   • Expone su ropa interior (sin importar cuán reveladora sea),⁸ o
   • Revela un seno femenino al descubierto (independientemente de si fue revelado con fines sexuales o mientras amamantaba).⁹

   En presencia de alguien que pueda estar molesto u ofendido

   Para cometer el delito de exposición indecente en California, es necesario exponerse

   • en presencia de otra persona,
   • que pueda estar razonablemente ofendida o molesta por la exposición.¹⁰

   Este es uno de los lugares donde los abogados de defensa criminal de California buscarán defectos en el caso de la fiscalía. Incluso si estabas en un área “pública”, si era un lugar aislado (detrás de unos arbustos en un parque, por ejemplo) – donde no creías que otros te verían – entonces la acción probablemente no cumple con la definición de exposición indecente.

   Pero en cuanto a las personas que se sienten “ofendidas o molestas“, la ley de California sobre “exposición indecente” no tiene en cuenta a la “audiencia”. Esto significa que exponerse ante un guardia de prisión, un policía encubierto o una mujer joven desprevenida será suficiente para una condena por “exposición indecente”, siempre y cuando la fiscalía pruebe los otros elementos del delito.

   Ejemplo: Joe, un recluso en una unidad para delincuentes sexuales violentos, se para en su celda con solo una camiseta y se masturba mientras una guardia de prisión pasa por allí. Debido a que trabaja en la unidad de delincuentes sexuales, la guardia tiene entrenamiento en comportamiento sexual inapropiado y ha presenciado incidentes como este antes.

   Sin embargo, Joe sigue siendo culpable de exposición indecente. La guardia era menos propensa a sorprenderse por su comportamiento que muchas personas, pero eso no significa que no se ofendería o molestaría.¹¹

   Con la intención de llamar la atención pública sobre sus genitales

   El Código Penal de California 314 requiere que específicamente intentes llamar la atención sobre tus genitales.¹² Esto significa que simplemente exponer tus genitales no es suficiente: deben ser expuestos con la intención de llamar la atención sobre ellos.

   Ejemplo: Chad va a una playa pública aislada donde espera tomar el sol desnudo. Se quita la ropa, se acuesta boca arriba y se queda dormido. Mientras duerme, otras personas llegan a la playa. Finalmente, la policía aparece y lo arresta.

   Chad no es culpable de exposición indecente porque no tenía la intención de llamar la atención sobre sus genitales. Cuando se quedó dormido, asumió que nadie lo vería.¹³

   Pero, es importante tener en cuenta que si intenta llamar la atención sobre sus genitales, los fiscales aún pueden condenarlo por este delito incluso si nadie los ve realmente.¹⁴ Esto podría ser el caso, por ejemplo, si te expusiste a alguien en un callejón oscuro.

   Con el propósito de excitación sexual o comportamiento sexual inapropiado

   Simplemente exponerse (incluso si intencionalmente llama la atención sobre sus genitales) no es suficiente para una condena por “exposición indecente” en el Código Penal de California 314 a menos que lo haga con una intención “lasciva” o motivada sexualmente. Esto puede significar tanto

   • Una intención de obtener gratificación sexual,
   • Una intención de satisfacer o excitar el deseo sexual de otra persona, o
   • Una intención de ofender sexualmente a otra persona.¹⁵

   Ejemplo: Dallas, un adolescente, se para en una esquina y “muestra el trasero” (se baja los pantalones para revelar sus nalgas al descubierto) a los autos que pasan. No es culpable de exposición indecente según el Código Penal 314 de California porque mostrar el trasero no fue motivado sexualmente, sino que se hizo como una forma de divertir o molestar a las personas de manera no sexual.¹⁶

   Recuerde que el fiscal debe cumplir con cada elemento del delito antes de poder demostrar que es culpable de “exposición indecente” según el Código Penal 314. Si incluso uno de los elementos anteriores no se prueba, no debería ser considerado penalmente responsable de este cargo.

   También debe tenerse en cuenta que es la Legislatura de California la que controla las leyes de exposición indecente de este estado. Aunque las ordenanzas locales pueden intentar regular los estándares de decencia de su comunidad – si son más restrictivas que la correspondiente ley de exposición indecente de California – los tribunales las declararán inválidas.¹⁷

   2. Penas

   La mayoría de las condenas por exposición indecente por primera vez son delitos menores.¹⁸ Los delitos menores conllevan:

   • hasta 6 meses en la cárcel del condado y/o hasta $1,000¹⁹ y
   • un deber de registrarse como delincuente sexual durante 10 años (como mínimo) según el Código Penal 290.²⁰

   Sin embargo, la exposición indecente se convierte en un delito grave si tiene una condena previa por exposición indecente o actos lascivos con un menor.²⁶ Los delitos graves conllevan:

   • 16 meses, 2 años o 3 años en la prisión estatal de California,²³
   • hasta $10,000 en multas,²⁴ y
   • un deber de registrarse como delincuente sexual durante 10 años (como mínimo).²⁵

   Tenga en cuenta que los fiscales pueden optar por enjuiciarlo por un delito menor o un delito grave (llamado un delito mixto) por exposición indecente “agravada”. Esto ocurre cuando supuestamente se expuso en una

   • casa,
   • remolque, o
   • edificio

   que ingresó sin permiso.²¹ La única diferencia de las penas anteriores es que la sentencia máxima por delito menor es de 364 días en lugar de seis meses.²²

   Registro de delincuentes sexuales

   Tanto las condenas por 314 PC delitos menores como delitos graves imponen un deber mínimo de 10 años de registrarse como delincuente sexual.²⁷ No registrarse (PC 290) es un delito en sí mismo:

   Condena por exposición indecente en California	Penalidades por no registrarse como delincuente sexual
   Delito menor	Delito menor: Hasta 364 días en la cárcel y/o $1,00028
   Delito grave	Delito grave: 16 meses, 2 años o 3 años en prisión y hasta $10,00029

   Licencias y disciplina profesionales

   La mayoría de las asociaciones profesionales con licencia disciplinan a los miembros por condenas por delitos sexuales de California que requieren el registro de delincuentes sexuales. Esto es generalmente cierto para

   • licencias de la junta médica de los médicos,
   • licencias de la junta dental,
   • licencias de enfermería,
   • y licencias profesionales similares.

   Sin embargo, una condena por exposición indecente de delito menor a veces actúa como una excepción a esta regla.

   Por lo tanto, si está empleado en una de estas profesiones – o en otra profesión que requiere que obtenga y mantenga una licencia profesional – y es condenado por exposición indecente de delito menor, es posible que no pierda automáticamente su licencia profesional.³⁰

   

   Nuestros abogados trabajan arduamente para encontrar la mejor solución para su caso.

   3. Mejores defensas

   Aquí en Shouse Law Group, hemos representado literalmente a miles de personas acusadas de delitos sexuales como exposición indecente. En nuestra experiencia, las siguientes tres defensas han demostrado ser muy efectivas con los fiscales, jueces y jurados.

   Lo que sucedió no cumple con la definición de exposición indecente

   En California, la exposición indecente es un delito muy específico con varios elementos que el fiscal debe probar más allá de una duda razonable para que usted sea condenado. Por lo tanto, si la prueba sugiere que:

   • no había nadie alrededor para ofender,
   • su área genital estaba parcialmente cubierta,
   • no había intención de lograr gratificación sexual,
   • no actuó “lascivamente”, o
   • no cumple con ninguno de los otros requisitos de la ley de “exposición indecente” de California,

   entonces es posible que no sea penalmente responsable de este delito. La prueba en la que comúnmente confiamos incluye testimonios de testigos presenciales y grabaciones de video.

   Usted fue falsamente acusado
   

   Vemos casos todo el tiempo en los que personas inocentes son falsamente acusadas de delitos sexuales. En muchos casos, el acusador es un ex pareja que está enojado o vengativo por cómo terminó la relación.

   En este tipo de escenarios, revisamos todos sus mensajes de texto y DM con el acusador. A menudo encontramos mensajes que muestran claramente su motivación para mentir y poner en duda su credibilidad.

   As used in this subdivision, “inhabited” means currently being used for dwelling purposes, whether occupied or not. As used in this section, “exposes” means that a person exposes his or her genitals or buttocks or the female breast, or both, with the intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of himself or herself or of any other person or with the intent to abuse, humiliate, or degrade any person. As used in this subdivision, “public place” means any place where the conduct may reasonably be expected to be viewed by others. As used in this subdivision, “concealed from public view” means it is not ordinarily visible to the general public.

2. California Penal Code 647(a) PC – Lewd or dissolute conduct in public.
   

   647. Except as provided in subdivision (l), every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor:

   (a) Who solicits anyone to engage in or who engages in lewd or dissolute conduct in any public place or in any place open to the public or exposed to public view.

   (b) Who solicits or who agrees to engage in or who engages in any act of prostitution. A person agrees to engage in an act of prostitution when, with specific intent to so engage, he or she manifests an acceptance of an offer or solicitation to so engage, regardless of whether the offer or solicitation was made by a person who also possessed the specific intent to engage in prostitution. No agreement to engage in an act of prostitution shall constitute a violation of this subdivision unless some act, in addition to the agreement, is done within this state in furtherance of the commission of an act of prostitution by the person agreeing to engage in that act. As used in this subdivision, “prostitution” includes any lewd act between persons for money or other consideration.

   (c) Who accosts other persons in any public place or in any place open to the public for the purpose of begging or soliciting alms.

   (d) Who loiters in or about any toilet open to the public for the purpose of engaging in or soliciting any lewd or lascivious or any unlawful act.

   (e) Who lodges in any building, structure, vehicle, or place, whether public or private, without the permission of the owner or person entitled to the possession or in control of it.

   (f) Who is found in any public place under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, controlled substance, toluene, or any combination of any intoxicating liquor, drug, controlled substance, or toluene, in a condition that he or she is unable to exercise care for his or her own safety or the safety of others, or by reason of his or her being under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, controlled substance, toluene, or any combination of any intoxicating liquor, drug, or toluene, interferes with or obstructs or prevents the free use of any street, sidewalk, or other public way.

   (g) When a person has violated subdivision (f), a peace officer, if he or she is reasonably able to do so, shall place the person, or cause him or her to be placed, in civil protective custody. The person shall be taken to a facility, designated pursuant to Section 5170 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, for the 72-hour treatment and evaluation of inebriates. A peace officer may place a person in civil protective custody with that kind and degree of force which would be lawful were he or she effecting an arrest for a misdemeanor without a warrant. No person who has been placed in civil protective custody shall thereafter be subject to any criminal prosecution or juvenile court proceeding based on the facts giving rise to this placement. This subdivision shall not apply to the following persons:

   (1) Any person who is under the influence of any drug, or under the combined influence of intoxicating liquor and any drug.

   (2) Any person who a peace officer has probable cause to believe has committed any felony, or who has committed any misdemeanor in addition to subdivision (f).

   (3) Any person who a peace officer in good faith believes will attempt escape or will be unreasonably difficult for medical personnel to control.

   (h) Who loiters, prowls, or wanders upon the private property of another, at any time, without visible or lawful business with the owner or occupant. As used in this subdivision, “loiter” means to delay or linger without a lawful purpose for being on the property and for the purpose of committing a crime as opportunity may be discovered.

   (i) Who, while loitering, prowling, or wandering upon the private property of another, at any time, peeks in the door or window of any inhabited building or structure, without visible or lawful business with the owner or occupant.

   (j) (1) Any person who looks through a hole or opening, into, or otherwise views, by means of any instrumentality, including, but not limited to, a periscope, telescope, binoculars, camera, motion picture camera, camcorder, or mobile phone, the interior of a bedroom, bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing room, or tanning booth, or the interior of any other area in which the occupant has a reasonable expectation of privacy, with the intent to invade the privacy of a person or persons inside. This subdivision shall not apply to those areas of a private business used to count currency or other negotiable instruments.

   (2) Any person who uses a concealed camcorder, motion picture camera, or photographic camera of any type, to secretly videotape, film, photograph, or record by electronic means, another, identifiable person under or through the clothing being worn by that other person, for the purpose of viewing the body of, or the undergarments worn by, that other person, without the consent or knowledge of that other person, with the intent to arouse, appeal to, or gratify the lust, passions, or sexual desires of that person and invade the privacy of that other person, under circumstances in which the other person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.

   (3) (A) Any person who uses a concealed camcorder, motion picture camera, or photographic camera of any type, to secretly videotape, film, photograph, or record by electronic means, another, identifiable person who may be in a state of full or partial undress, for the purpose of viewing the body of, or the undergarments worn by, that other person, without the consent or knowledge of that other person, in the interior of a bedroom, bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing room, or tanning booth, or the interior of any other area in which that other person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, with the intent to invade the privacy of that other person.

   (B) Neither of the following is a defense to the crime specified in this paragraph:

   (i) The defendant was a cohabitant, landlord, tenant, cotenant, employer, employee, or business partner or associate of the victim, or an agent of any of these.

   (ii) The victim was not in a state of full or partial undress.

   (4) (A) Any person who intentionally distributes the image of the intimate body part or parts of another identifiable person, or an image of the person depicted engaged in an act of oral copulation, sodomy, or sexual penetration, as defined in Section 269, where the person depicted had a reasonable expectation of privacy at the time the image was created, with the intent to cause serious emotional distress, and the person depicted suffers serious emotional distress.

   (B) For the purposes of this paragraph:

   (i) “Intimate body part” means the naked genitals, buttocks, or female breast.

   (ii) “Identifiable person” means a person who is identifiable from the image itself or information displayed in connection with the image.

   (iii) “Distributes” means any act of selling, transferring, publishing, distributing, posting, displaying, transmitting, or otherwise making available to an individual or the public, or through the internet, computer, or wireless communication device.

   (C) (i) A violation of subparagraph (A) is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.

   (ii) If probation is granted, or the execution or imposition of sentence is suspended, for any person convicted under subparagraph (A), it shall be a condition of probation that the person participate in counseling, as designated by the court. However, the court, upon a showing of good cause, may find that the counseling requirement shall not be imposed.

   (iii) If probation is granted, the court shall specify on the record the amount of the fine and the person convicted shall be ordered to pay that fine.

   (D) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a defendant is convicted of a second or subsequent violation of subparagraph (A), the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.

   (E) This paragraph shall not apply if the conduct described in this paragraph is covered by Section 647.

   (k) In any accusatory pleading charging a violation of subdivision (b), if the defendant has been once previously convicted of a violation of that subdivision, the previous conviction shall be charged in the accusatory pleading. If the previous conviction is found to be true by the jury, upon a jury trial, or by the court, upon a court trial, or is admitted by the defendant, the defendant shall be imprisoned in a county jail for a period of not less than 45 days and shall not be eligible for release upon completion of sentence, on probation, on parole, on work furlough or work release, or on any other basis until he or she has served a period of not less than 45 days in a county jail. In all cases in which probation is granted, the court shall require as a condition thereof that the person be confined in a county jail for at least 45 days. In no event does the court have the power to absolve a person who violates this subdivision from the obligation of spending at least 45 days in confinement in a county jail.

   In any accusatory pleading charging a violation of subdivision (b), if the defendant has been previously convicted two or more times of a violation of that subdivision, each of these previous convictions shall be charged in the accusatory pleading. If two or more of these previous convictions are found to be true by the jury, upon a jury trial, or by the court, upon a court trial, or are admitted by the defendant, the defendant shall be imprisoned in a county jail for a period of not less than 90 days and shall not be eligible for release upon completion of sentence, on probation, on parole, on work furlough or work

   En la segunda y cada condena subsiguiente en virtud de la subdivisión 1 de esta sección, o en la primera condena en virtud de la subdivisión 1 de esta sección después de una condena previa en virtud de la Sección 288, toda persona condenada es culpable de un delito grave y es castigada con prisión en la prisión estatal.

   Véase también In re Febbo (Cal. App. 4th Dist. 2020) 52 Cal. App. 5th 1088; People v. Hubbard (Cal. App. 3d Dist. 2020) 52 Cal. App. 5th 555.
3. People v. Carbajal, (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 978, 983.  (“La sección 314 del Código Penal [ley de “exposición indecente” de California] fue promulgada en 1872 como sección 311; no se han realizado cambios sustanciales en la subdivisión 1 desde entonces.”)
4. Código Penal 314 PC – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 1, arriba. Véase también Código Penal de California 19 PC – Castigo por delito menor; castigo no prescrito de otra manera. (“Excepto en los casos en que una ley de este estado prescriba un castigo diferente, todo delito declarado como delito menor es castigado con prisión en la cárcel del condado que no exceda de seis meses, o con una multa que no exceda de mil dólares ($1,000), o con ambas cosas.”)
5. Código Penal 314 PC, Exposición indecente, nota al pie 1, arriba.
6. Código Penal 290 PC – Ley de registro de delincuentes sexuales.
7. Instrucciones del jurado penal del Consejo Judicial de California (“CALCRIM”) 1160 – Exposición indecente. (“Para probar que el acusado es culpable de este delito, la Fiscalía debe probar que: 1. El acusado expuso voluntariamente sus genitales en presencia de otra persona o personas que podrían sentirse ofendidas o molestas por las acciones del acusado; [Y] 2. Cuando el acusado se expuso (a sí mismo), actuó de manera lasciva con la intención de dirigir la atención pública a sus genitales con el propósito de excitarse o satisfacerse sexualmente a sí mismo o a otra persona, o de ofender sexualmente a otra persona(;/.) <Dar el elemento 3 si el acusado es acusado de entrar en una vivienda habitada.> [Y] [3. La exposición voluntaria y lasciva ocurrió después de que el acusado hubiera entrado en una vivienda habitada (casa habitada/parte de un edificio/remolque de campamento) sin consentimiento.]”). Véase también People v. Finley (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 454.
8. Véase lo mismo, Exposición indecente. (“Alguien comete un acto voluntariamente cuando lo hace de manera voluntaria o a propósito. No se requiere que él o ella tengan la intención de violar la ley, lastimar a alguien más o obtener alguna ventaja.”)
9. People v. Massicot, (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 920, 932.
10. Robins v. Los Angeles County, (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 1, 10.
11. Véase CALCRIM 1160 – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 6, arriba. Véase también: People v. Mendoza (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 571; People v. Swearington (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 935; People v. Curry (1977) 76 Cal.App.3d 181; Pryor v. Municipal Court (1979) 25 Cal.3d 238; People v. Meeker (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 358; People v. Cardona (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 481.
12. Noble v. Harrison, (C.D.Cal. 2007) 491 F.Supp.2d 950, 958.
13. Véase CALCRIM 1160 – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 6, arriba.
14. In re Smith, (1972) 7 Cal.3d 362, 366.
15. Ver CALCRIM 1160 – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 6, arriba. (“[No es necesario que otra persona realmente vea los genitales expuestos.]”) Ver también People v. Carbajal, (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 978, 986.  (“Nuestra revisión de la ley común y los casos de otras jurisdicciones nos lleva a concluir que una condena por exposición indecente bajo la sección 314 del Código Penal requiere evidencia de que un acusado realmente expuso sus genitales en presencia de otra persona, pero no hay un requisito concomitante de que dicha persona realmente deba haber visto los genitales del acusado. Por lo tanto, confirmaremos la condena del acusado por exposición indecente en ausencia de evidencia de cualquier observación visual directa de sus genitales, siempre y cuando haya suficiente evidencia circunstancial para demostrar que ocurrió una exposición real.”)
16. Ver CALCRIM 1160 – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 6, arriba. Ver también: People v. Archer (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 402.
17. En re Dallas W., (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 937, 938.
18. Spitcauer v. Condado de Los Ángeles, (1964) 227 Cal.App.2d 376, 379.
19. Código Penal 314 PC – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 1, arriba.
20. Código Penal 19 PC – Castigo por delito menor; castigo no prescrito de otra manera.
21. Código Penal 290 PC – La Ley de Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales, nota al pie 5, arriba.
22. Código Penal de California 314 – Exposición indecente. Ver también: People v. Weathington (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 69; People v. Bouzas (1991) 53 Cal.3d 467; People v. Merkley (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 472.
23. Ver lo mismo, Exposición indecente. Ver también Código Penal 18 PC – Castigo por delito grave.
24. Código Penal de California 672 PC – Delitos para los cuales no se prescribe una multa; multa autorizada además de la prisión.
25. Código Penal 290 PC – La Ley de Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales, nota al pie 5, arriba.
26. Código Penal 314 PC – Exposición indecente, nota al pie 1, arriba.
27. Ver lo mismo, Exposición indecente.
28. Código Penal 290 PC – La Ley de Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales, nota al pie 5, arriba.
29. Código Penal 290.018 PC – Ley de Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales: Penas por violación.
30. Ver lo mismo.
31. Código de Negocios y Profesiones de California 2221 BPC – Negación del certificado de médico y cirujano. Código de Negocios y Profesiones de California 1687 BPC.
32. CALCRIM 1161.
33. CALCRIM 1110.
34. CALCRIM 1700.
35. CALCRIM 2931.
36. CALCRIM 2690. CALCRIM 2689.
37. CALCRIM 1154.